Pension reform refers to activities. The hidden meaning of the new pension reform
Causes of pension reform, stages of the reform.
At the end of the XX century. The Russian pension system was on the verge of a crisis. The pension system operating at that time required a radical reform. At that time, the state carried out some reforms, but they were unable to bring the pension system out of the crisis, but prepared the necessary prerequisites for further reforms. The prerequisites for the pension reform were a decline in production, which led to a decrease in the pension tax base, a reduction in the share of wages in relation to GDP in the Russian economy and its reduction in the structure of the population's cash income, low pension payments, the desire to hide income in order to reduce the payment of interest on pension insurance through the payment of "black" wages, the growth of the shadow economy, hidden unemployment, limiting the maximum limit of pensions, low rates of economic development. At this time, there is an unfavorable demographic situation. First, the number of pensioners is growing and the number of employed people is decreasing. And secondly, the ratio of the number of people employed in the economy and pensioners is the main indicator for a pension system built on the principle of "generational solidarity", which makes the existing pension system extremely unstable.
For a long time in the Russian Federation there was a pension system based on the principle of distribution and the principle of generational solidarity. But at present, this system is not able to provide a decent standard of living for pensioners, since maintaining an unchanged level of pension provision for the elderly with such demographic trends leads either to an increase in the economic burden on the active population (due to an increase in pension taxes), or to a further increase in age. retirement. Various combinations of these measures are also possible. Another alternative way out of this situation is the full or partial transition of the pension system to accumulative principles. This led to the transition of the pension system to an insurance basis.
So, the low level of pensions, complex negative demographic changes, the establishment of market relations in the economy require pension reform.
Goals and objectives of the pension reform
1. improve pension payments to citizens of the Russian Federation;
2. ensure a decent old age for pensioners;
3. stabilize the situation, given the demographic crisis;
4. eradicate "black" wages;
5. to attract additional investments in the country's economy.
The first goal of pension reform- to bring the hidden parts of salaries out of the shadows and to increase the receipt of funds for the payment of pensions to today's pensioners due to this.
The second goal of pension reform is to create incentives for workers to fully pay contributions from the entire volume of their income. And for this, the system of accounting for pension rights was canceled (by length of service and by earnings for the last two years), since it does not fully take into account the contribution of each person to the income of the pension system. The new pension model, firstly, takes into account the entire monetary capital contributed by each Russian for each year and month of his work experience, and, secondly, fixes them in the form of state obligations to each employee personally.
Third goal The reform that should be solved is to ensure the transparency of the pension system. The obligations of the state to citizens on pension payments should be expressed not in percentages and years, but in rubles. And every year, the employee must receive a report on the status of the pension rights he has earned - how much contributions were transferred for him by his employer, what is the total amount of pension capital accrued to him for all years of work, in what volumes it was indexed, etc. this every Russian, insured in the system of compulsory pension insurance, must receive annually. And in case of disagreement, he can achieve their change.
Stages of pension reform in Russia
Attempts to reform in the field of pension provision in the Russian Federation have been made since the early 1990s. In fact, these attempts were reduced to the modernization of earnings, compensation payments and other very unpopular measures. However, the presence of a fairly low retirement age, a large number of beneficiaries and northerners, the possibility of receiving a pension after reaching retirement age, the ratio of the number of actively working population to the number of pensioners, a sharp decrease in the number of contributors compared to the number of pension recipients under the measures taken could not lead to a significant change the level of social protection of the non-working population.
An analysis of the current situation led to the only solution to the need to reform the pension system itself.
At various stages of the reform, the wording of the goals changed periodically:
In 1991- overcoming problems with the payment of pensions and their low level. The problem was related to the resulting budget deficit. The pension fund was separated into a separate structure. Previously, pensions were paid from the state budget.
In 1995- Improving the management of the pension system. The reform is aimed at the fact that there is no organizational structure responsible for the implementation of state policy in the field of pension provision. Creation of a fair system of pension accrual.
In 1995 - 1998:
1. Ensuring the financial stability of the pension system. Solving the problem of the pension fund budget deficit; ensure timely payment of pensions; providing pensioners with a living wage.
2. Increasing the differentiation of pensions depending on the level of earnings. It is planned to introduce a funded part of the pension.
In 1998 - 2001:
1. Ensuring the current and long-term financial stability of the pension system in the face of the expected worsening of the demographic situation. Gradual transition from a universal pay-as-you-go system to a mixed pension system, in which funded mechanisms for financing pensions based on a rational combination of state and non-state forms of pension provision should play a significant role.
2. Solving the problem of legalizing the income of the population. In accordance with the new pension legislation, the practice of illegal deductions as wages should lead to the fact that part of the pension payments for this part of the population will be minimal.
Since 2001. one of the main goals of the reform is to create such legal foundations for the pension system that would encourage the able-bodied population, regardless of the place of work (private, state, industrial or other sectors), to accumulate their pension rights, think about old age and earn independently to ensure it.
The pension reform consists of three blocks (financial reform, legal reform and administrative reform) and should be carried out in total over the next 20 years (from January 1, 2002 to January 1, 2022) in several successive stages.
financial reform
2002
- Modernization of the mandatory pension insurance system
- Establishment of a new amount of the pension part of the unified social tax
- Introduction of an insurance premium for compulsory pension insurance
- Determination of the "starting" value of the part of the insurance premium for compulsory pension insurance directed to finance the funded part of the labor pension
- Establishing the procedure for investing funds to finance the funded part of the labor pension
2003
- Introduction of a tax deduction for policyholders on compulsory pension insurance
- Introduction of an insurance contribution to finance mandatory occupational pension systems
- Modernization of the system of non-state pension funds
2004
- Increase in the part of the insurance premium for compulsory pension insurance directed to finance the funded part of the labor pension
- Introduction of the right to choose an investment portfolio (management company) by the insured person;
2005 year
- An increase in the part of the insurance premium for compulsory pension insurance directed to finance the funded part of the labor pension;
2006
- Establishment of the final amount of the part of the insurance premium for compulsory pension insurance directed to finance the funded part of the labor pension;
2010
- Introduction of the right of the insured person to invest pension savings in securities of foreign issuers;
Legal reform
2002
- Modernization of the system of state pensions (divided into state pensions, labor pensions and occupational pensions);
- Introduction of a new procedure for the calculation and payment of state pensions and labor pensions;
- Start of implementation of the program for the phased implementation of the expected period of payment of the old-age pension, used in determining the amount of the insurance part of the labor pension;
- Introduction of a mechanism for converting pension rights acquired by insured persons before January 1, 2002 into pension capital;
- The introduction of personal supplements for pensioners (additional monthly material security for pensions for outstanding achievements and special services to the Russian Federation);
2003
- Introduction of occupational pension systems;
- Establishing the duration of the expected period of payment of the old-age labor pension, used in determining the amount of the funded part of the labor pension
2004
- Transition to the appointment of labor disability pensions in accordance with the degree of restriction of the ability of a disabled person to work
year 2013;
- Completion of the implementation of the program for the phased introduction of the expected period of payment of the old-age pension, used in determining the amount of the insurance part of the labor pension;
- Completion of the process of converting the pension rights acquired by the insured persons before January 1, 2002 into pension capital;
- Launching a program to gradually increase the expected period of payment of a pension, used in determining the amount of the insurance part of an early retirement old-age pension, by the number of years that recipients of such a pension are short of the generally established retirement age;
2022
- Completion of the implementation of the program for a phased increase in the expected period of payment of the pension, used in determining the amount of the insurance part of the early retirement old-age pension, by the number of years that the recipients of such a pension are short of the generally established retirement age;
Administrative reform
2002
- Completion of the process of transferring functions for the appointment and payment of pensions, carried out by the social protection authorities of the population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;
- Modernization of the system of individual (personalized) accounting of pension rights of insured persons under compulsory pension insurance
2003
- Modernization of the legislative regulation of the activities of non-state pension funds;
- Establishment of legislative regulation of the activities of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, clarification of its organizational and legal status
Stages of the reform
1990 In 1990, the Commission for Social Policy of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation prepared three bills: "On State Pensions in the Russian Federation"; "About the pension fund"; "On the abolition of privileges for personal pensioners". During this period, the following reform steps were carried out:
- All categories of employees were unified, including employees of various forms of ownership and individual entrepreneurs, clergy, creative workers, etc.
- The size of the pension was made dependent on the level of wages and length of service.
- Declared the minimum amount of pensions not lower than the established subsistence level.
- The differentiation of pensions has been increased. The maximum size could exceed the minimum by 3, and not 2.5 times, as before 1985.
As well as other changes.
1990-1995 During this period, attempts were made to increase the income of the pension fund by increasing taxes. Pensions were also indexed. FROM 1992
year, non-state pension funds began to work.
The 2001 pension reform program prepared by the Ministry of Labor and Social Development and the Pension Fund of Russia is currently being implemented. On its basis, the following Federal Laws were adopted:
- Federal Law of 2001 (as amended in 2002)"On Compulsory Pension Insurance in the Russian Federation".
- Federal Law of December 2001"On labor pensions in the Russian Federation".
- Federal Law of August 2002"On investing funds to finance the funded part of the labor pension".
- Federal Law of January 2003"On the Introduction of Amendments and Additions to the Federal Law "On Non-State Pension Funds".
As well as a number of other laws.
The draft law "On the management of funds of state pension provision (insurance) in the Russian Federation" was adopted in the first reading (December 14, 2003)
The essence of the pension reform in the Russian Federation lies in the transition of the work of the Pension Fund from a distribution scheme to a distribution-accumulative one.
Distribution scheme was the collection of pension contributions from working citizens and their subsequent distribution among the pension population.
Distribution and storage scheme, as the name implies, it not only distributes pension contributions, but also accumulates a certain part of the contributions on a special pension account of a working citizen.
Thus, the State seeks to ensure the financial well-being of future pensioners.
Before pension reform Russian Pension Fund carried out activities on a distributive basis - each employer is obliged to pay the Unified Social Tax (UST), which provides for contributions to the Pension Fund. The FIU used these revenues to pay pensions to existing pensioners. Deductions to the PFR consisted of two parts: basic and insurance. Briefly, we can say that all deductions to the PFR went to one account or one general fund, from which pensions were paid.
With the advent of pension reform The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation switched from a distributive system of pension savings to a distributive-accumulative one. Thus, the pension began to include three parts - basic, insurance and funded. Every citizen has pension savings accounts, with the help of which a separate part of the pension is accumulated in their own pension fund. This means that every citizen begins to form his own pension with the start of employment.
The government of the Russian Federation is currently actively pursuing pension reform. Now the old-age pension consists of its insurance part and the funded part. Such concepts as individual pension coefficients (pension points), a fixed payment to an insurance pension, and increasing coefficients have been introduced.
At the same time, a number of laws have been passed that increase the requirements for minimum work experience and the required number of pension points for receiving a pension.
pension reform - this is a purposeful policy of the state, associated with a change in the current legislation, aimed at changing the conditions of pension provision.
An innovation was the increase in the retirement age for retirement from 2019.
So, as a general rule, an old-age pension is assigned and paid to insured persons upon reaching the age:
- 65 years for men,
- 60 years - for women.
The new pension legislation provides that the following mandatory conditions are also required to receive a pension:
- the presence of a minimum insurance period (the pension reform provides for an annual increase in the minimum length of service from 5 years in 2015 to 15 years by 2024);
- the value of pension points (IPK) (Since 2015, the penalty is assigned if there are pension points of at least 6.6, with a subsequent annual increase by 2.4 to 30 points by 2025).
The law proposes to set the retirement age for men - 65 years, for women - 63 years.
After the Government of the Russian Federation proposed to raise the retirement age, deputies of the Just Russia party submitted a draft law to the State Duma of the Russian Federation to abolish pension points and maintain the retirement age limit of 60 years for men and 55 years for women. The size of the pension in the draft law depends only on the length of service and wages received. You can read more about the draft law at the link.
The opinion of the President of Russia Putin V.V. about raising the retirement age
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, in an interview until 2018, has repeatedly stated that the issue of raising the retirement age is not being considered.
After considering the bill on raising the retirement age in the first reading, Putin V.V. August 29, 2018 in a televised address appealed to the citizens of the Russian Federation and expressed his opinion.
Putin V.V. stated that raising the retirement age is a necessary measure.
The President of the Russian Federation proposed a number of measures that would make it possible to soften the decisions made as much as possible.
The following are excerpts from the interview with Vladimir Vladimirovich, the full text of which is published on the website of the President of the Russian Federation.
1. The retirement age for women should not increase more than for men. Therefore, I consider it necessary to reduce the increase in the retirement age for women proposed by the bill from 8 to 5 years.
Thus, women will be able to retire at the age of 60.
Further. Provide for the right of early retirement for mothers with many children. That is, if a woman has three children, then she will be able to retire three years ahead of schedule. If there are four children, four years earlier. And for women who have five or more children, everything should remain as it is now, they will be able to retire at 50 years old.
2. The retirement age is supposed to be increased gradually. So that people can adapt to a new life situation, build their plans. In this regard, I propose for citizens who were to retire under the old legislation in the next two years, to establish a special benefit - the right to draw up a pension six months earlier than the new retirement age.
For example, a person who, according to the new retirement age, will have to retire in January 2020, will be able to do this as early as July 2019.
3. What worries and even, I would say, scares people of pre-retirement age? They are afraid to face the risk of losing their jobs. With the fact that they can remain without a pension and without a salary. It's really hard to find a job after 50.
In this regard, we must provide additional guarantees that will protect the interests of older citizens in the labor market. Therefore, for the transitional period, I propose to consider the pre-retirement age as five years before the retirement date. I repeat, a whole package of measures is needed here. Thus, I consider it necessary to establish administrative and even criminal liability for employers for dismissing workers of pre-retirement age, as well as for refusing to hire citizens because of their age.
I instruct the Government to approve a special advanced training program for citizens of pre-retirement age. It should start working as soon as possible and be financed from the federal budget.
And if a person of pre-retirement age decided to quit on his own, voluntarily and has not yet found a new job, then in this case we must also strengthen his social guarantees. In this regard, it is proposed to more than double the maximum amount of unemployment benefits for citizens of pre-retirement age - from 4,900 rubles, as it is now, to 11,280 rubles from January 1, 2019 - and set the period of such payment to one year.
And, finally, it is also necessary to consolidate the obligation of the employer to annually provide employees of pre-retirement age two days for free medical examination with pay.
4. When making changes, you cannot act according to a template. We have already provided for the preservation of benefits for miners, workers in hot shops, chemical plants, Chernobyl victims, and a number of other categories.
We must also support the villagers. It has already been repeatedly discussed and even decided on the need for a 25 percent increase in the fixed payment of the insurance pension for non-working pensioners living in the countryside who have at least 30 years of experience in agriculture. But the entry into force of this decision was delayed. I propose to start these payments as early as January 1, 2019.
5. Those who started working early should be able to retire not only in terms of age, but also taking into account the length of service they have earned.
Now the bill establishes that the length of service that gives the right to early retirement is 40 years for women and 45 years for men. I propose to reduce by three years the length of service that gives the right to early retirement: for women up to 37 years, and for men up to 42.
Yes, we have traditionally provided these benefits only with retirement. But in this case, when changes are coming to the pension system, and people were counting on these benefits, we are obliged to make an exception for them, to provide benefits not in connection with retirement, but upon reaching the appropriate age. That is, as before, women will be able to use the benefits when they reach 55 years old and men from 60 years old. Thus, even before retirement, they will no longer pay tax on their house, apartment, garden plot.
In conclusion, the President of the Russian Federation noted that, as is known, many experts still believe that we have been too long in resolving the issues that are being discussed today. I do not think so. We just weren't ready for it before. But we really can't wait any longer. This would be irresponsible and could lead to serious consequences in the economy and the social sphere, and have the most negative impact on the lives of millions of people, because, as it is now clear, the state will have to do this sooner or later. But the later, the tougher these decisions will be. Without any transition period, without maintaining a number of benefits and those mitigating mechanisms that we can use today.
Thus, raising the retirement age in Russia is inevitable. And, as changes in legislation show, this will happen as early as 2019.
More details about retirement age in Russia can be read in the article at the link.
Strategy for the development of pension policy proposed by Kudrin
The Center for Strategic Research, led by Alexei Kudrin, prepared a plan for Vladimir Putin to create a sustainable pension system, the goal of which is to increase payments without increasing spending from the budget.
Important. The essence of Kudrin's plan is to ensure the growth of pensions relative to the subsistence minimum by reducing the number of people receiving these payments. It is proposed to raise the retirement age to 63 for women and to 65 for men!
In addition to raising the retirement age, it is also proposed to tighten the conditions for receiving a pension:
- The minimum length of service for accruing an insurance pension (which is now being increased annually to 15 years by 2024) should be further increased to 20 years.
- The strategy proposes to increase the minimum number of pension points (which is also being raised to 30 by 2025) to 52.
- The social pension, which is received by those who have not earned on the insurance, is proposed to be assigned upon reaching the age of 68.
At the same time, it is planned to tighten the conditions for the appointment of early pensions: for example, the minimum length of service required for her with doctors and teachers will be increased to 35 years (at present, doctors have the right to retire early after working 25 years). Read about who has the right to retire early in the article at the link.
According to the CSR, this will increase the ratio of the insurance pension to the subsistence minimum and reduce the transfer from the budget to finance pensions.
What to expect from pension reform in 2020-2021
The main positive moment as a result of the reform and the increase in the retirement age is the annual indexation and increase in the size of the pension by an average of 1 thousand rubles. As a result, it is expected that the average pension will rise to 20,000 rubles.
In addition to raising the retirement age, the issue of forming the funded part of the pension also remains relevant.
Recall, the transfer of funds to the funded part of pensions in Russia has been frozen since 2014.
The funded part of the pension in Russia will definitely not be formed in the next three years, Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets confirmed, not ruling out its complete abolition.
It should be noted that the budget of the Pension Fund of Russia for 2018-2020 is based on the fact that the entire volume of the insurance premium rate will be directed to the insurance part of pensions. The formation of pension savings in the budget in 2020-2021 is not provided.
Currently, the Government of the Russian Federation is developing the concept of an individual pension capital system, which should replace the mandatory formation of pension savings. According to Deputy Finance Minister Alexei Moiseev, the new system will start working from 2020.
Now citizens who have not yet decided on the method of forming pension savings under the new rules will have to finally decide whether they remain in the state insurance system or still begin to save additionally for a pension. Based on their decision, pension savings will either be transferred to the selected non-state pension fund, or they will be converted into points and they will become part of the regular insurance pension.
Thus, it is assumed that the Pension Fund of Russia will lose the functions of an insurer for the funded part of the pension.
Participation in the new system will be voluntary, but entry into it will occur by default. That is, a person will need to write a statement if he does not want to participate in it, and not vice versa. This is done to make people more intelligently approach the savings for future retirement.
Savings will be deducted from their salary by default unless they file a waiver.
Each person who wants to increase his individual pension capital will be able to deduct any percentage of his salary into the system at his own discretion. For this, he will receive tax benefits. For deductions within six percent of the salary, he will receive a classic tax deduction, i.е. You don't have to pay income tax on this money.
It is assumed that if a person saved for retirement, but got into a difficult life situation, for example, became seriously ill, received a disability of the first or second group, lost a close relative, he will be allowed to withdraw this money from the pension system and spend it on more urgent needs, for example , treatment.
Prepared by "Personal rights.ru"
The contradictions of the old pension system indicate that, despite the fairly stable position of the Pension Fund in recent years, it was on the verge of a crisis, from which, based on cosmetic changes in the old pension legislation carried out throughout the 90s, it could not be withdrawn. The ongoing transformations have prepared the necessary prerequisites for further reforms, however, due to the influence of “external” to the pension system (primarily political, economic, demographic) factors, their positive impact is decreasing every year.
The main economic reasons for the pension reform:
a decade-long trend towards decrease in the purchasing power of pensions ;
narrowing the differentiation of pension amounts, caused, on the one hand, by the desire of the insured to hide their income from paying into pension insurance (i.e., understating the base for calculating insurance premiums), and on the other hand, by maintaining strict restrictions on the maximum amount (ceiling) of the pension, if necessary, permanently increasing it a minimum level based on the purchasing power of the pension;
final loss of connection between pension and “labor contribution” pensioner, which is expressed in the fact that the size of the old-age labor pension practically does not depend on either the length of service or the amount of earnings, because only half of the average monthly salary can be taken into account for calculating the maximum pension;
deterioration of demographic factors in the development of the labor market , which manifest themselves with a predicted sharp drop in the working-age population; Thus, according to the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the pay-as-you-go system works effectively if the ratio of the number of pensioners to employed is at least 1:10. And today in our country there are almost 40 million pensioners against about 80 million employed, that is, the required ratio is only 1:2. (in Soviet times, there were just 10-11 workers per pensioner, the pension system of the USSR had real security, was considered one of the most progressive in the world) .
maintaining the price of labor at a low level for a civilized European state due to low rates of economic development in the long term, which is clearly manifested in macroeconomic indicators for the next 20 years.
Along with economic reasons, there is a deterioration in the demographic situation. Two negative trends can be distinguished in this process: an increase in the number of pensioners (from 34.1 million in 1992 to 36.6 million at the end of 2001) simultaneously with a decrease in the number of employed (from 72.1 million in 1992 to 65 .1 million at the end of 2001). Thus, if in 1992 there were 2.11 employed in the economy (1.88 employees) per pensioner, then in 2000 only 1.78 (1.38). And this is without taking into account hidden unemployment and concealment of wages (the base for the UST), which is especially typical for individual entrepreneurs and commercial structures. 6
1) scientific and educational
2) socially transformative
3) artistic and aesthetic
4) material and production
3. Which of the following examples illustrates interpersonal communication?
1) The head of state addresses citizens in the media.
2) Doctors listen to the report of the Minister of Health.
3) Friends met after a quarrel, found out its causes and reconciled.
4) Representatives of trade unions are discussing the organization of the rally.
What is the hallmark of morality?
1) reflects ideas about good and evil
2) emotionally affects a person
3) explains natural and social phenomena
4) refers to supernatural forces
5. The government came up with a proposal to introduce tax incentives for small businesses. This fact can be seen as an example of the relationship
1) rights and policies
2) economics and entrepreneurship
3) politics and science
4) economics and politics
Country P. specializes in agricultural production. The land is owned by individual families whose members jointly cultivate their plots. The main part of the production is consumed by the producers themselves. What type of society is this?
1) traditional
2) industrial
3) informational
4) post-industrial
A. Moral norms reflect people's ideas about good and evil.
B. Only the person himself acts as a judge of his actions from the point of view of their compliance with moral standards.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Are the following statements about morality correct?
A. Moral norms arose with the advent of the state.
B. One of the signs of morality is the voluntary fulfillment of its requirements.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
9. Ilya is engaged in the art studio and the drama circle of the Center for Children's Creativity. What type of education can these classes be classified as?
1) continuing education
2) additional education
3) secondary (complete) education
4) vocational education
10. Vitaly is studying in the 8th grade of the gymnasium. In addition, he attends the figure skating section. At what educational level is Vitaly?
1) secondary vocational education
2) basic general education
3) secondary general education
4) primary general education
Are the following judgments about the role of science in the modern world correct?
A. Science helps a person to systematize knowledge about the world around him.
B. Science strives for the reliability of the results obtained.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Are the following judgments about the relationship between society and nature correct?
A. Society and nature are organically interconnected, since nature is a natural condition for the existence of people.
B. The technocratic type of thinking considers nature only as a source of raw materials for material production.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Which of the following refers to the factors (resources) of production?
1) profit
4) salary
Specify the name of the economic system in which the market mechanism is supplemented by the active role of the state in organizing the economic life of society.
1) market
2) administrative-command
3) planned
4) mixed
Mandatory payments of individuals and legal entities to the state are
1) duties
2) subsidies
3) insurance premiums
In a command economy, unlike a market economy,
1) there is competition among manufacturers
2) labor is a commodity
3) resources are distributed centrally
4) established income tax
Before the start of the beach season, the number of sellers of slimming products increases dramatically. This is the result
1) state regulation
2) price collusion of producers
3) customer demand
4) competition
18. In country Z, there are a large number of independent producers of a homogeneous product and many isolated consumers of this product on the market. What additional information would make it possible to define this market as a "pure competition" market?
1) The total demand of all consumers is satisfied with the support of the state.
2) The country has a high level of social guarantees.
3) The state legally guarantees free entry to the market for new producers.
4) There is no antimonopoly legislation in the country.
Are the following statements correct?
A. The economy is an economy used by people to ensure life, meet needs by creating the necessary benefits, conditions and means of subsistence.
B. Economics - the science of the economy, the ways of its conduct by people, the relationship between people in the process of production and exchange of goods.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Are the following statements true in enterprises of various types and forms?
A. Employees of an enterprise of any form of ownership are entitled to independently decide on the distribution of profits and the allocation of funds for the development of its fixed assets.
B. Limited partners in a limited partnership manage and act in economic relations on behalf of the partnership.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
What is the characteristic feature of a nation?
1) common historical memory
2) the presence of a political system
3) competitiveness
4) the presence of a control apparatus
The choice of the mode of action of the individual in society primarily depends on
1) origin
2) professional training
3) level of education
4) value orientations
When Dmitry Dmitrievich G. turned 65, he was fired due to a reduction in the number of staff. To which population group does it belong?
1) unemployed
2) able-bodied
3) outcasts
4) disabled
At the stage of growing up a child, the main force that forms his worldview becomes (- yatsya)
1) school education
2) social environment
3) positive examples of art and literature
4) self-education
Are the following statements about family functions correct?
A. In modern society, the production function remains the main function of the family.
B. The reproductive (biological reproduction) function of the family retains its significance in societies of any type.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Are the following statements correct?
A. Deviant behavior can manifest itself in a person's special giftedness and extraordinary abilities.
B. Deviant behavior is always illegal.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
What is a sign of any state?
1) observance of the constitutional rights of man and citizen
2) the presence of public authority
3) implementation of the principle of separation of powers
4) expanded powers of the state apparatus
A necessary condition for the existence of civil society is
1) the diversity of social groups, public associations, connections between them
2) the presence of a bicameral parliament
3) the presence of state control over the life of society
4) the inability to freely enter and exit the country
In country Z, the only political party exercises full control of society, controls not only the political sphere, but also the economic one, any opposition is suppressed. What mode are we talking about?
3) about the regime of limited monarchy
4) about totalitarian
30. In the state of M., representative authorities are formed as follows: 50%
are candidates included in the electoral lists of their parties and movements, 50%
1) mixed
3) proportional
4) majority
Are the following statements about the state correct?
A. The state determines the moral values of society.
Main goals and principles of pension reform
The main objectives of the pension reform are:
1) the realization of the right of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to pensions in old age, in the event of disability, in the event of loss of a breadwinner and in other cases established by law;
2) ensuring the financial stability of the pension system and creating prerequisites for the sustainable development of pension provision based on state pension insurance and budget financing;
3) adaptation of the pension provision system to market relations developing in the Russian Federation;
4) rationalization and optimization of conditions for the provision and size of pensions;
5) increasing the efficiency of the pension system by improving the pension management system.
Based on the goals stated above, the reform should be based on the following principles:
1) everyone has the right to state pension provision in case of disability due to old age, disability, loss of a breadwinner and in other cases established by law;
2) every employee is subject to compulsory state pension insurance;
3) every person insured under compulsory state pension insurance has the right to an employment pension in accordance with the duration of insurance and the earnings from which the insurance premiums were paid;
4) financing of state pensions is based on the principle of solidarity, including the solidarity of generations, subjects of the Russian Federation and sectors of the economy;
5) the funds of compulsory state pension insurance are used exclusively for the provision of pensions to the insured in accordance with the rules and norms established by law. Some of these funds are centralized and redistributed in order to provide pension guarantees to citizens, regardless of their place of residence on the territory of the Russian Federation. The costs of providing pensions to persons who did not participate in pension insurance are covered from the federal budget.
From the foregoing, it follows that in the process of reform, it is necessary to revise almost all the basic principles of the pension system.
Disadvantages and advantages of the 2001 pension reform
Benefits of the 2001 pension reform
A citizen gets a chance for a higher income, and hence a larger pension. In striving for a worthy provision for his old age, he learns to rely less on the state and more on himself. Earlier in Russia there was no such freedom in the disposal of their pension savings. But the flip side of this freedom is an increase in one's own responsibility.
It is beneficial for the state that the concern for pensions and responsibility for them is at least partially removed from it and shifted to the citizens themselves and financial institutions. Management companies and NPFs win because large capitals will come to their management. Finally, the national economy will receive the "long-term" investment resources necessary for its development.
In the long term, the following favorable changes can be expected from the introduction of funded pensions:
The well-being of future pensioners will increase due to the long period of accumulation of funds to finance pensions.
Attracting pension "long money" as an investment to the country's economy will ensure higher rates of economic growth.
The burden on the state pension system will be reduced.
The share of official ("white") salaries will increase, and as a result, the labor market will develop more actively.
There will be opportunities for the development of the stock market and financial infrastructure.
These shifts relate to almost all spheres of economic and social life, therefore, today the pension reform is one of the most significant changes in Russia. It is very important to use its full potential. However, it should be recognized that the level of readiness of all the main participants in the process (the state, private business and the population) to participate in the reform is far from ideal. Therefore, in the short term, rapid success is not to be expected.
Everything mentioned above relates to the mandatory (state) pension system. But the pension reform affects all forms of pension provision, including the voluntary formation of pensions in a non-state pension fund (NPF).
Drawbacks of the 2001 pension reform
With the current level of wages and pension contributions, it is not possible to accumulate a large amount for retirement within the framework of the state pension system. For people with low wages, pensions will be a solid percentage of them, but the absolute value of these pensions will still be small. For highly paid workers, the percentage of deductions to the insurance and funded part, on the contrary, turns out to be too small (due to the regressive UST school: the larger the base, the lower the tax rate), so their pensions as a percentage of wages will be even lower than those of the poor and average layers. Therefore, retirement for such people will mean a serious decline in living standards.
As is already known, today the ratio of the average pension to the average salary (the "replacement rate") in Russia is less than 30%. The reform of labor pensions makes it possible to count on an increase in this level to 35-40% only in 15-20 years. Meanwhile, according to experts from the International Labor Organization (ILO), for a normal comfortable life in retirement, the replacement rate should be at the level of 65-70%!
There is only one way: to save for your retirement on your own. The best option today is voluntary pension provision in a non-state pension fund (NPF). For most, this is somewhat unusual, but a sober analysis convinces us that without concern for one's own future, a secure old age will remain only an unattainable dream.
