Stopping and parking in traffic rules. Spelling the combination “what time”: why separately, analysis, use How the boy was saved by time dilation

Why does a person grow and when does growth stop? Two factors influencing growth are known to everyone - genetic potential and nutrition in early childhood.

Children with tall parents are usually taller than those with short parents. This, however, is observed provided that children generally eat fairly correctly. Many scientists and doctors who study human growth and development have come to the conclusion that every person has certain programs laid down by nature, including the “Growth Program,” but, as numerous observations show, mainly in adults whose height is below average, the mentioned program was not completed. The slightest change in DNA can result in increased or decreased height. According to British and American scientists, a gene has been discovered that can explain differences in human height. The gene discovered is called HMGA2. According to scientists' theory, a person grows by 1 cm if one of the basic “letters” of the gene is changed. At the same time, it cannot be said that HMGA2 is completely responsible for human growth: there is a chance that other genes also have an influence, but scientists have not yet discovered them. It is known that our height is determined by 90 percent of heredity, and only 10 percent of it is determined by ecology, nutrition and other external factors.

Intrauterine factors also seem to be extremely important, since the most intensive growth occurs during pregnancy. If during this period there is damage to the placenta and thus the nutrition of the fetus is disrupted, the child may be born with growth deficiency and low body weight.

From the first year of life until growth stops, the endocrine system plays a leading role in regulating growth. The growth of the skeleton and other organs is influenced by growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The release of growth hormone is stimulated by the centers of the hypothalamic region of the brain. For a long time, it was unclear how growth hormone affects skeletal cells to stimulate their growth. It turned out that there is an intermediary on this path - insulin-like growth factor-1, produced by the liver and a number of other tissues, which has much in common with insulin in structure. This factor is released under the influence of growth hormone and circulates in connection with a certain protein; the lack of one or the other affects the growth rate.

But growth hormone is not the only growth regulator. The body also secretes a growth hormone antagonist, somatostatin. Normal growth is maintained by the balance in the secretion of these two hormones.

In addition to growth hormone, which is the main factor influencing growth, thyroid hormones and sex hormones are also important. The first years of a child’s life are important, when thyroid hormone levels are high. It is at this stage that hormones ensure the maturation and differentiation of bone tissue and the central nervous system. The child is born with a large thymus gland. During childhood, it continues to increase, and at 13 or 14 years old it begins to shrink. The thymus gland is connected to the gonads. It works while the gonads are small. As soon as they begin to develop, the thymus gland stops its work. This is why when a person finally matures sexually (at about age 22), he practically stops growing.

Sex hormones accelerate growth, but if they are in excess in childhood, early closure of growth plates can occur. The child may remain small. A lack of sex hormones during puberty leads to growth retardation.

At an older age, growth retardation can be triggered by any chronic disease - for example, intestinal absorption disorders, frequent bronchopulmonary infections, heart defects, liver dysfunction, kidney disease, anemia, etc. Therefore, we can say that height is a very sensitive index of a child’s health. Growth retardation in most of these diseases is reversible - once the cause of the disease is eliminated, the rate returns to normal.

Despite the fact that generally accepted schemes and schedules provide for stable gradual progress in body growth, most children grow in a completely different way - as if in leaps that alternate with pauses.

There are 3 stages of intensive human growth: 1st year of life, 4-5 years, period of puberty (puberty). During these periods, all body systems work at full strength, so the child’s adaptive capabilities are reduced at this time - he gets sick more often, and functional disorders of various organs and systems appear. If growth rates decrease, the body seems to calm down, and gradual growth and development of internal organs occurs.

During puberty, a growth spurt occurs. In girls, it is observed at 11-12 years of age; the increase in height ranges from 6 to 11 cm (on average 8 cm per year). In boys, puberty occurs later, at 13-14 years old, and the increase in height during this period ranges from 7 to 12 cm (average 9.5 cm).

Girls usually reach their final height by the age of 15, i.e., they stop growing, while boys at this age grow very rapidly and reach their final height only by the age of 19-20.

In fact, a person continues to grow slightly even after the age of 25 and reaches his maximum height around the age of 35-40. After that, it decreases by approximately 12 mm every ten years. The reason for this is the dehydration of cartilage in the joints and spine as we age.

“When growth stops” and other articles from the section

This often happened to people in war. For example, a shell (grenade) exploded next to a soldier - and he saw in all details how incredibly slowly, as if in slow motion, the shell of the ammunition was cracking, and fiery sparks were bursting out of it. And while the shell exploded very slowly, this lucky one managed to hide from danger. Imagine, in just a fraction of a second!

This happens today, for example, in such dangerous areas as roads.

This story happened in 1992. in the UK with mother and son Wheeler. They were driving in a car around the city of Coventry when the car's tire burst. Subsequently, the woman said that she remembered every little detail, every moment. When the tire burst, the car was thrown sharply off the road and crashed into a fence. Slowly the pickets began to break, and suddenly one board, bent, broke through the windshield opposite the driver's seat, where the son was sitting. The sharp end of the picket fence was pointed at the guy's chest. Mrs. Wheeler was stunned, but then her son suddenly bent down. A sharp stake pierced the seat. Bob Wheeler also noted time dilation. It froze at the moment when the sharpened edge of the picket fence rushed into the guy’s chest. This allowed him to easily dodge the fatal blow.

What saved the woman: time standing still or something more?

But what happened in 1998? with a resident of the village of Priozerny (Leningrad region) N. Nikitina.

The woman was crossing the street and somehow lost sight of the fact that drivers at this intersection usually increase their speed. As she ran, she realized that she would not have time to avoid being hit by a truck rushing towards her. That's when time slowed down for her. The woman expected a terrible blow, but it never came. She couldn't run faster.

Then the truck, just as terribly slowly, ran over the woman, and time seemed to stop completely. At the same time, Nikitina’s speed of thinking remained the same: the woman was clearly aware that she was finished, and at the same time was shocked by the terrifying smoothness of what was happening to her...

Then consciousness turned off - instantly and completely. And when the woman woke up, she saw that she was lying on the asphalt in the kolobok position. A frightened truck driver ran up and helped her up. Only then did Nikitina discover that she was quite far from the car that hit her. The consequences of the collision were a hematoma on the thigh (where the blow landed), as well as slightly scratched knees and palms.

The woman still didn’t understand who told her to roll on the asphalt, properly grouped, so as not to get run over by the wheels. After all, this was the only opportunity to escape. Who helped at the critical moment, when consciousness completely switched off, paralyzed by horror?..

Time stopped only for Golomolzin

Geologist E. Golomolzin spoke about an interesting incident that occurred in Bashkiria. Their detachment was planning to move to another work area, but on the very day of departure the weather turned bad. It began to rain, which gave way to large hail. The ice pellets hit the geological GAZ-66 loaded with field equipment and mined samples. The mountain road passed along the edge of the abyss. The crushed stone mixed with mud was a very unreliable “road surface”, so the wheels kept slipping...

In case of sudden evacuation, people sat near the cabin itself; the canvas awning in front was folded back. Golomolzin says that he did not record the moment when this happened, but he heard how the hysterical howls of the engine suddenly gave way to a monotonous roar. Looking at the road, the man saw that during an uphill turn, the truck began to very slowly drift towards the cliff.

The wheels of the car were spinning madly, but the GAZ itself seemed to be standing still, but in reality it was crawling millimeter by millimeter towards the edge of the abyss. The geologist decided it was time to jump. The fantastic slowness of the action gave rise to the confidence that you can do everything, even jumping to the ground and going around a truck sliding off the road several times...

Golomolzin looked back at his fellow travelers. They sat with motionless faces and looked far ahead. They didn’t seem to see or understand that a catastrophe could happen now. “Why are they delaying?” - Golomolzin thought with despair. He also managed to note that at that moment he did not feel either hail or rain...

Suddenly the sound of the running engine changed, a new, bass note appeared in it, and the truck began to slowly move away from the edge of the abyss, where sheer cliffs were already visible. Before the man had time to catch his breath, he was hit by the roar of hailstones hitting the car.

When the geologists got to the place, it turned out that, except for Golomolzin, none of them noticed or survived the critical situation. That is, the car really rushed towards the cliff, but the driver immediately turned on the second drive and easily brought it onto the road.

How time dilation saved a boy

Here's what Vitaly Ch. said about time dilation.

This was around 1970. Vitalik and his grandfather Stepan were returning home. The grandfather had already crossed the road, but something delayed the boy. Then the grandfather, with a gesture of his hand, ordered Vitalik to stop. He did not listen and rushed across the road. The boy was almost next to his grandfather when he suddenly realized that he had lost his sandal.

What happened next happened purely automatically. Vitalik turned around and ran back. In the middle of the road he picked up his sandal and returned. The boy understood that he was committing a deadly, unforgivable stupidity. By the way, out of the corner of his eye, while running, he noticed how a passenger car flying towards him stopped, and then, as soon as the boy ran away, it whistled past at the same high speed. In reality, everything happened so quickly that the grandfather did not even notice how his grandson crossed the road...

... There are thousands of similar cases, and this suggests that time is not at all what we imagine it to be. Everyone has probably noticed that, depending on the situation, time can stretch out greatly or, on the contrary, run at a gallop. However, as we have seen from the above, it can stop or almost stop for an individual, thereby allowing him to avoid a tragic outcome. But here’s the question: does a person himself slow down time, or is it done by Higher Powers, for example, a Guardian Angel? It seems that while our scientists are silent on this matter (what else can they do?), everyone can answer this question the way they like best...

Video: When time stops...

what time or what time

Together or separately?

The stable phrase “what time” is written separately in all cases - at what time .

There are no other forms of writing.

If you find that somewhere “how much” is written together or with a hyphen, feel free to point out to the writer his gross mistake.

Even if the word “so much” is used differently in different contexts, the spelling of the phrase “ at what time"will be uniform.

Rule

Before answering the question, how to spell the word “ at what time» together or separately, you need to clarify that this is not even a word, but a combination of words, and figure out what parts of speech it consists of. " In" is a preposition, " How many"is either a pronominal adverb, a numeral, or a conjunctive word. Together with the preposition they form a stable combination. According to the rules of the Russian language, prepositions with words are written separately. So, no matter what part of speech the word “ How many", this phrase will never be written together.

Use of the preposition " in”, rather than the preposition “in”, which is synonymous with it in most cases, is due to the stable nature of its compatibility with pronominal adverbs “ How many", "so much" and others.

Examples

Say all the examples out loud for better memorization.

• At what time Will this amazing piece of silver chiffon cost me?
• Dear Vera Iosifovna, please tell me more specifically, at what time I'll pick you up tomorrow.
• Yurochka, at what time years old, did you go on your first trip to the Ryazan region without your parents?
• To quickly calculate at what time Since the granddaughter is younger than the grandmother, you need to divide the number of years of the grandmother by the years lived by the granddaughter.
• I will find a way to see you, just tell me at what time do you usually walk in the park with your dog?

Children born to tall parents most often grow up to be tall, as long as they eat properly. In addition, nature lays out a growth program in the body of every person. If a person grows up to be quite short, this program has not been fully completed by the body. Its failure can be affected by the slightest changes in DNA, poor ecology, poor quality nutrition, intrauterine malformations and hormones.

Failures in the growth program can be caused not only by its underdevelopment - some people, on the contrary, grow to more than 2 meters.

The most intense is observed during pregnancy, so any damage to the placenta can lead to malnutrition of the fetus and the birth of a child with low body weight and growth deficiency. In the first years and throughout subsequent life, the main regulator of growth is the endocrine system, while the hormone responsible for growth is produced by the pituitary gland. Sex hormones and thyroid hormones play an equally important role in this process.

To what age does a person grow: how long does it take and when does it stop?

Despite all the generally accepted schedules and schemes that provide for stability and gradual growth progress, children most often grow in “jumps”, which alternate with rather long pauses. There are three stages at which a person grows most intensively - these are the 1st year, 4-5 years and puberty (puberty). At this time, the body works at full strength, so children are more likely to get sick and suffer from functional disorders of organs and systems.

When growth rates decrease, the body enters a calming phase, and internal organs begin to develop calmly.

During puberty (11-12 years), they begin to sharply increase in height from 6 to 11 centimeters, adding on average up to 8 centimeters per year. Boys enter puberty a little later (13-14 years old), so their increase in height ranges from 7 to 12 centimeters - on average, 9.5 centimeters per year. By age 15, most reach their final height, while they reach their final height by age 19-20. However, a person, regardless of gender, continues to grow a little even after 25 years. Growth stops at around 35-40 years of age, after which people begin to shrink by 12 millimeters every decade - as articular and vertebral cartilage gradually dehydrates and shrinks.